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Earlier this year, I visited Japan to help Business Insider launch its one of its latest international editions, Business Insider Japan.

After spending two weeks in Tokyo, one aspect of the city continued to strike me after I returned: the overwhelming abundance of vending machines.

The proliferation of vending machines is impossible to ignore. They are on nearly every block in Tokyo — down alleyways, in front of convenience stores, in areas both residential and commercial.

At slightly over 5 million nationwide, Japan has the highest density of vending machines worldwide. There is approximately 1 vending machine per every 23 people, according to the Japan Vending Machine Manufacturers Association. Annual sales total more than $60 billion.

And they are marked by an incredible variety. The machines sell any number of types of soft drinks, coffee, tea, cigarettes, candy, soup, hot food, and even sake and beer.

The pervasiveness and variety of Japan’s vending machines isn’t an unexplored topic. If there’s one thing Americans returning from Japan appear to like to write/read about, it’s the wild and strange products sold in vending machines.

Among the first results on a Google search for "Japan vending machines": "12 Japanese vending machines you won’t believe exist," "18 things you can buy in Japanese vending machines," "25 things you’ll only find in vending machines in Japan," "9 crazy Japanese vending machines," and "The 7 weirdest Japanese vending machines."

What interested me, however, was what the vending machines say about Japan’s unique culture. An obvious answer stuck out: Japanese people, and Tokyoites in particular, work a lot and therefore value convenience. But so do New Yorkers, as well as any other number of city-dwellers, and still vending machines are not nearly as popular.

So why are they ubiquitous? Sociologists and economists have offered a few potential answers.

1. The cost of labor

Japan’s declining birthrate, aging population, and lack of immigration have contributed to make labor both scarce and costly, according to William A. McEachern, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut. 

In his 2008 book on macroeconomics, McEachern points to Japan’s vending machines as a solution to this problem, by eliminating the need for sales clerks.

Robert Parry, an economics lecturer at Japan’s Kobe University, also pointed to high labor costs as a reason Japanese retailers have so enthusiastically embraced vending machines in a 1998 essay on the subject. 

"With spectacular postwar economic growth, labor costs in Japan sky-rocketed … Vending machines need only a periodic visit from the operator to replenish the supplies and empty the cash," wrote Parry.

2. High population density and expensive real estate

With a population of 127 million people in a country roughly the size of California, Japan is one of the most population-dense countries in the world, particularly when you consider that about 75% of Japan is made up of mountains.

93 percent of the Japanese population lives in cities.

The population density has unsurprisingly led to high real estate prices for decades, forcing city-dwellers to live in apartments that would make New York apartments feel spacious. Though urban land prices dropped during Japan’s economic decline in the 1990s, they’ve gone back up since.

High population density and high real-estate prices has meant that Japanese people don’t have a lot of room to store consumer goods and that Japanese companies would rather stick a vending machine on a street than open up a retail store.

“Vending machines produce more revenue from each square meter of scarce land than a retail store can,” Parry concluded.

3. A lack of crime

Japan has long been known for its exceptionally low homicide rate, but that’s not the only crime statistic in which the country excels. According to a United Nations 2010 crime report, Japan ranks as having one of the lowest robbery rates in the world.

While there has been some debate over why Japan’s crime rate is so low, one thing that is readily obvious is that vandalism and property crime are rare. According to the Japan National Tourism Organization, vending machines are “seldom broken or stolen,” despite having tens of thousands yen inside and being frequently housed in dark alleyways or uncrowded streets.

Comparatively, in the US, as Parry writes, “American vending machine companies don’t even consider operating stand-alone, street-side units” due to fears of vandalism and property crime.

In Japan, street-side units are the norm. It doesn’t hurt that many vending machines have cameras installed and a direct line to police if any irregularities are reported, like a machine being pried open, according to The Japan Times.

See the rest of the story at Business Insider